Standardization in performing regional lymph node dissection for rectum and sigmoid colon cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Tumor spreading through the lymphatic drainage is an important metastatic pathway for rectum and sigmoid colon carcinoma. Regional lymph node dissection, as an important part of radical resection of colorectal cancer, is the main way for patients with colorectal cancer to achieve radical resection and acquire tumor-free survival. The regional lymph nodes of sigmoid cancer include paracolic lymph nodes, intermediate lymph nodes, and central lymph nodes locating at the root of blood vessel, and radical surgery should include lymph node dissection at the above three stations. The lymphatic pathways of metastasis for rectal cancer include longitudinal metastasis within the mesorectum and lateral metastasis beyond the mesorectum. The standard surgical method of rectal cancer is total mesorectal excision (TME) at present, and the resection range includes the metastatic lymph nodes within the mesorectum through the longitudinal pathway. However, there are many different opinions about lateral lymph node dissection(LLND) aiming at the metastatic lymph nodes locating at the lateral space of rectum. The range of lymph node dissection for rectum and sigmoid cancer is a vital factor that determines the prognosis of patients. Insufficient range of dissection can lead to residual metastatic lymph nodes and have serious impacts on the prognosis of patients. Excessive range of dissection can result in greater surgical trauma, prolonged operation time, more blood loss, and higher rate of complication without oncological benefits. Individualizating the appropriate resection range of rectum and sigmoid colon cancer on the basis of standardization and according to the clinical stage and invasion range of tumor demonstrates great significance of ensuring the radical operation, reducing trauma, promoting rehabilitation, protecting the function and improving the prognosis.

Comparison between laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery and conventional laparoscopic surgery for left colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled study with 3-year follow-up results / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the mid-term efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) colectomy using the Cai tube in the treatment of left colorectal cancer. Methods: A prospective randomized control trial (China Clinical Trials Registration Number: ChiCTR-OOR-15007060) was performed. Sixty patients with left colorectal cancer at Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital from September 2015 to August 2017 were prospectively enrolled. Case inclusion criteria: (1) left colorectal adenocarcinoma (rectal cancer with distance ≥ 8 cm from tumor low margin to anal edge, sigmoid colon cancer, descending colon cancer and left transverse colon cancer) confirmed by preoperative pathology; (2) satisfactory conditions of conventional laparoscopic surgery; (3) maximum diameter of the tumor < 4.5 cm confirmed by preoperative abdominal and pelvic CT or MRI; (4) BMI < 30 kg/m2. Case exclusion criteria: (1) benign lesions, mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma and other special pathological types of tumors confirmed by preoperative pathological examination; (2) multiple or recurrent cancers; (3) with a history of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; (4) obvious regional infiltration or distant metastasis indicated by preoperative imaging examination; (5) intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, etc. Participants were randomly assigned to NOSES group (using the Cai tube) and conventional laparoscopy (CL) group by random number table method. Clinical data between two groups were compared and analyzed, including perioperative conditions, tumor exfoliation cell detection and bacterial culture results of intraperitoneal lavage fluid, postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grading), postoperative pain [visual simulation scoring (VAS) assessment], anal function (Kirwan anal function grading assessment), and postoperative 3-year disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), overall recurrence rate, and local recurrence rate. Results: A total of 60 patients were enrolled, with 30 in the NOSES group and 30 in the CL group. All the patients in the NOSES group successfully completed operation with Cai tube. Baseline data between the two groups were not significantly different (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in conversion rate to open surgery, number of lymph node harivested, proximal and distal resection margin of tumor, negative rate of circumferential margin, operation time, blood loss, inflammatory indexes, postoperative anal function, postoperative hospital stay, hospitalization cost, morbidity of postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade II or above) (all P>0.05). Compared to the CL group, the NOSES group had lower maximum postoperative VAS score (2.5±0.3 vs. 5.1±0.4, t=3.187, P<0.01), and fewer use of additional postoperative analgesia [6.7% (2/30) vs. 33.3% (10/30),χ2=6.670, P=0.02]. The postoperative time to gas passage was shorter in the NOSES group [(2.2±1.4) days vs. (3.1±1.2) days,P=0.026]. No tumor cells and bacterial contamination were found in abdominal lavage fluid before and after operation in either group. The anal function at postoperative 3-month of all the patients in the NOSES group was Kirwan grade I to II, while in the CL group, anal function of 2 cases (6.7%) was Kirwan grade III, and of 28 cases was also Kirwan grade I to II, whose difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the NOSES group and the CL group, 3-year DFS was 96.7% and 83.3% (P=0.090), OS was 100% and 90% (P=0.096), overall recurrence rate was 3.3% and 10.0% (P=0.166), and local recurrence rate was 3.3% and 3.3% (P=0.999), respectively, whose differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusions: In the treatment of left colorectal cancer, compared with conventional laparoscopic colectomy, NOSES colectomy using Cai tube exhibits less scar, less postoperative pain, shorter recovery of gastrointestinal function, and similar mid-term outcomes. Given proper surgical indications, the surgical procedure is safe and feasible.

Simultaneous resection for colon cancer and synchronous liver metastases: case series with follow-up / Resección simultánea por cáncer de colon y metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas: serie de casos con seguimiento

SUMMARY: Treatment of colonic cancer (CC) and synchronic liver metastasis (SLM) is still controversial in relation to how to act. The aim of this study was to analyze initial single center experience in simultaneous surgical approach of patients with CC and SLM, in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Retrospective case series of patients with CC and SLM undergoing simultaneous surgery, consecutively, at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2007 and 2021. Outcome variables were OS and DFS. Other variables of interest were postoperative morbidity (POM), surgical time, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and survival analysis was estimated applying Kaplan Meier curves. Sixteen patients (10 female and 6 male) were operated, with a median age of 61 years. The most frequent localization was cecum and right colon (37.5 %). In all patients some type of liver resection was added (parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy or anatomical resection). Median surgical time and hospital stay were 150 min and 5 days respectively. POM was 31.2 % (5 cases), mainly Clavien & Dindo I and II (12.5 % of patients required a re-intervention). With a median follow-up of 52 months 1, 3 and 5-year OS were 100 %, 62.5 %, and 50.0 % respectively. On the other hand, DFS rates of 1, 3 and 5-year were 75.0 %, 43.8 %, and 25.0 % respectively. The series had no mortality. OS, DFS, POM and mortality, were like other series. Simultaneous resection of CC and SLM is an aggressive approach, but not compromise oncological outcomes.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento del cáncer de colon (CC) con metástasis hepática sincrónica (MHS), tiene un tratamiento controvertido aún. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la experiencia unicéntrica en el tratamiento de pacientes con CC y MHS simultáneo, en términos de supervivencia global (SG) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Serie de casos retrospectiva consecutiva, de pacientes con CC y MHS sometidos a cirugía simultánea, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2021. Las variables de resultado fueron SG y SLE. Otras variables de interés fueron la morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO), tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión) y se estimó supervivencia aplicando curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se operaron 16 pacientes (10 mujeres y 6 hombres), con mediana de edad de 61 años. La localización más frecuente fue ciego-colon derecho (37,5 %). En todos los casos se practicó algún tipo de resección hepática (hepatectomía conservadora o resección anatómica). La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico y la estancia hospitalaria fueron de 150 min y 5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue del 31,2 % (5 casos), principalmente Clavien & Dindo I y II (hubo 12,5 % de reintervenciones). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 52 meses. La SG a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 100 %, 62,5 % y 50,0 %, respectivamente. Por otro lado, la SLE a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 75,0 %, 43,8 % y 25,0 %, respectivamente. La serie no tuvo mortalidad. La SG, SLE, MPO y la mortalidad fueron similares a otras series. La resección simultánea de CC y SLM es agresiva, pero no compromete los resultados oncológicos.

Results of surgical treatment of uncomplicated colon cancer: case series with follow-up / Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de colon no complicado: serie de casos con seguimiento

SUMMARY: The standard treatment of colonic cancer (CC) continues to be the radical resection of the intestinal segment compromised with free margins, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. The aim of this study was to determine postoperative morbidity (POM) and 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with uncomplicated colon cancer surgically treated. Retrospective case series of patients with uncomplicated CC undergoing colectomy and lymphadenectomy, consecutively, at Clínica Red Salud Mayor Temuco, between 2007 and 2019. The outcomes variable were POM and 5-years OS. Other variables of interest were surgical time, number of resected lymph nodes, hospital stay and recurrence. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and OS analysis was applying Kaplan Meier curves. In this study, 52 patients (53.8 % men) were intervened, with a median age of 68 years. The most frequent localization and stages were right colon (42.3 %); IIIA and IIIB respectively (78.9 %). Median surgical time, number of resected lymph nodes and hospital stay were 98 min, 34 and 4.5 days respectively. POM was 17.3 % (9 cases). With a median follow- up of 58 months, a recurrence of 19.2 % was verified, and the 5-year OS for stages IIA, IIIA, IIIB and IVA was 83.3 %, 73.6 %, 68.2 % and 40.0 % respectively. The results, in terms of POM, mortality and 5-year OS, were similar to national and international series.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento estándar del cáncer de colon (CC), continua siendo la resección radical del segmento intestinal comprometido con márgenes libres (al menos 5 cm por encima y debajo del tumor), pudiendo asociarse o no a terapias complementarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y supervivencia actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años en pacientes resecados por CC no complicado. Serie de casos con seguimiento, de pacientes con CC no complicado, sometidos a colectomía subtotal y linfadenectomía, de forma consecutiva, en Clínica Red Salud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2019. Las variables resultado fueron MPO y SV actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, número de linfonodos resecados, estancia hospitalaria y recurrencia. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; y análisis de SV con curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se intervinieron 52 pacientes (53,8 % hombres), con una mediana de edad de 68 años. La localización y estadios más frecuentes fueron colon derecho (42,3 %); IIIA y IIIB respectivamente (78,9 %). La resecabilidad de la serie fue 100 %. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico, del número de linfonodos resecados y de estancia hospitalaria; fueron de 98 min, 34 y 4.5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue 17,3 % (9 casos). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 58 meses, se verificó una recurrencia de 19,2 %; y una SVAG a 5 años para los estadios IIA, IIIA, IIIB y IVA; de 83,3 %; 73,6 %; 68,2 % y 40,0 % respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos, en términos de MPO, mortalidad y SVAG a 5 años, fueron similares a series de nacionales e internacionales.

Irreducible Indirect Inguinal Hernia Caused by Sigmoid Colon Cancer Entering Right Groin:A Case Report / 中国医学科学院学报

We reported a case of irreducible indirect inguinal hernia caused by sigmoid colon cancer entering the right groin.The patient complained about a right groin mass for more than 60 years with progressive enlargement for 3 years and pain for half a month.Abdominal CT examination at admission showed rectum and sigmoid colon hernia in the right inguinal area and thickening of sigmoid colon wall.Electronic colonoscopy and pathological diagnosis showed sigmoid colon cancer.Therefore,the result of preliminary diagnosis was irreducible indirect inguinal hernia caused by sigmoid colon cancer entering the right groin.We converted laparoscopic exploration to laparotomy followed by radical sigmoidectomy and employed end-to-end anastomosis of descending colon and rectum in combination with repair of right inguinal hernia.The patient recovered well after operation and was discharged.

Trombosis segmentaria sigmoidea consecuente a neoplasia maligna de colon. A propósito de un caso interesante / Sigmoid segmental thrombosis consequent to colon malignant neoplasia. On the purpose of a case

RESUMEN Se presentó un caso de una paciente de 78 años de edad, procedente del municipio de Calimete, con antecedentes patológicos personales de infarto agudo miocárdico sin elevación del segmento ST e hipertensión arterial. Llegó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Emergencia, de Colón con un estado toxico infeccioso severo. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico presuntivo de una trombosis mesentérica. Se constató dicho diagnóstico complementario a una neoplasia maligna de colon sigmoides. Falleció producto a un shock séptico refractario a aminas. En la necropsia se reportaron hallazgos de interés.

ABSTRACT The authors present the case of a 78-years-old female patient from the municipality of Calimete, with personal pathological antecedents of acute myocardial infarct without ST segment elevation and arterial hypertension. She arrived to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of Colon with a severe toxic-infectious status. She underwent a surgery with a presumptive mesenteric thrombosis. It was stated that diagnosis, complementary to a sigmoid colon malignant neoplasia. She died as a product of an amine-refractory septic shock. The autopsy showed findings of interest.

Mobilização da flexura esplênica nas ressecções dos tumores de reto e sigmoide: meta-análise dos resultados cirúrgicos / Splenic flexure mobilization in sigmoid and rectal cancer resections: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a influência da mobilização da flexura esplênica nos principais resultados cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos à ressecção de câncer do cólon sigmoide ou reto. Métodos: os bancos de dados MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register de Ensaios Controlados e LILACS foram pesquisados usando os termos "mobilização da flexura esplênica", "cirurgia colorretal", "câncer retal", "ressecção anterior", "câncer de cólon sigmoide", "ressecção de sigmoide". O desfecho principal foi a deiscência da anastomose. Outros desfechos analisados foram mortalidade, sangramento, infecção e complicações gerais. Os tamanhos dos efeitos foram estimados por meio do agrupamento dos dados de seis estudos de caso-controle (1.433 pacientes) publicados até janeiro de 2018. Resultados: nossa meta-análise revelou que pacientes submetidos à mobilização completa da flexura esplênica tinham um risco maior de deiscência anastomótica (RR=2,27, IC95%: 1,22-4,23) em comparação àqueles não submetidos a esse procedimento. Nenhuma diferença pôde ser demonstrada entre os grupos em termos de mortalidade, sangramento, infecção e complicações gerais. Conclusão: a mobilização da flexura esplênica está associada a um maior risco de deiscência anastomótica nas ressecções de câncer de reto ou cólon sigmoide. Esta manobra cirúrgica deve ser utilizada com cautela no manejo cirúrgico dos tumores colorretais.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the influence of the splenic flexure mobilization for the main surgical outcomes of patients submitted to resection of sigmoid and rectal cancer. Methods: we searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and LILACS, using the terms "splenic flexure mobilization", "colorectal surgery", "rectal cancer", "anterior resection", "sigmoid colon cancer", and "sigmoid resection". The main outcome was anastomotic dehiscence. Other outcomes analyzed were mortality, bleeding, infection and general complications. We estimated the effect sizes by grouping data from six case-control studies (1,433 patients) published until January 2018. Results: our meta-analysis showed that patients undergoing complete mobilization of the splenic flexure had a higher risk of anastomotic dehiscence (RR=2.27, 95%CI: 1.22-4.23) compared with those not submitted to this procedure. There was no difference between the groups in terms of mortality, bleeding, infection and general complications. Conclusion: splenic flexure mobilization is associated with a higher risk of anastomotic dehiscence in resections of sigmoid and rectal cancer. This surgical maneuver should be used with caution in the surgical management of sigmoid or rectal cancers.

Colonic Abscess Induced by India Ink Tattooing / 대한소화기학회지

Endoscopic tattooing with India ink is generally regarded as a safe procedure that enables ready identification of endoluminal cancer from the serosal surface. However, significant complications have been reported, including local inflammatory pseudotumor formation, peritonitis, rectus muscle abscess, small bowel infarction, and phlegmonous gastritis. Although the mechanism of complication is not completely understood, it may be related to the chemical compounds contained in the ink solution and enteric or extraenteric bacterial inoculation by injection needle or the ink itself. Authors encountered a case of a 60-year-old man with a resectable sigmoid colon cancer which was tattooed with India ink for subsequent localization in the intraoperative setting. During the laparoscopic operation, the proximal and distal margin of the lesion appeared edematous with bluish color. The distal resection margin was extended approximately 5 cm more than expected because of long extent of edematous mucosa. Histologic examination of the edematous tattooing area revealed an ink abscess spreading laterally above the muscularis propria. Although tattooing is widely used and relatively safe, the presented case indicates the risk of infection or inflammation by tattooing.

Inflammatory and Tumor Stimulating Responses after Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic colectomy has clinical benefits such as short hospital stay, less postoperative pain, and early return of bowel function. However, objective evidence of its immunologic and oncologic benefits is scarce. We compared functional recovery after open versus laparoscopic sigmoidectomy and investigated the effect of open versus laparoscopic surgery on acute inflammation as well as tumor stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 57 patients who were diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer were randomized for elective conventional or laparoscopically assisted sigmoidectomy. Serum samples were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative day 1. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured as inflammation markers, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were used as tumor stimulation factors. Clinical parameters and serum markers were compared. RESULTS: Postoperative hospital stay (p=0.031), the first day of gas out (p=0.016), and the first day of soft diet (p<0.001) were significantly shorter for the laparoscopic surgery group than the open surgery group. The levels of CRP, IL-6, and VEGF rose significantly, and the concentration of IGFBP-3 fell significantly after both open and laparoscopic surgery. However, there were no significant differences in the preoperative and postoperative levels of CRP, IL-6, VEGF, and IGFBP-3 between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that both open and laparoscopic surgeries are accompanied by significant changes in IL-6, CRP, IGFBP-3, and VEGF levels. Acute inflammation markers and tumor stimulating factors may not reflect clinical benefits of laparoscopic surgery.

Hemipelvectomia externa ampliada para tratar adenocarcinoma de sigmóide / Extended external hemipelvectomy for sigmoid adenocarcinoma treatment

Surgery is the most effective way of treating a locally advanced colorectal carcinoma and an extended en bloc resection is necessary to achieve the best overall survival rate. In this rare case, a multi-visceral resection was performed along with the entire lower left limb and left iliac bone for a sigmoid carcinoma. The T4N0M0 (B3) tumor involved the left iliac vessels, left pelvic wall, small bowel and both rectus muscles, besides presenting with a skin fistula. A Hartmann colostomy was also performed. Chemotheraphy was interrupted because of toxicity. The patient is free of disease after 38 months. There are very few cases that describe an extended hemipelvectomy as part of a colorectal carcinoma treatment.

Propuesta alternativa para el tratamiento del vólvulo sigmoideo / Alternative proposal for the treatment of the sigmoid volvulus

La sigmoidectomía con anastomosis primaria del colon constituye una alternativa para el tratamiento quirúrgico del vólvulo sigmoideo. Objetivo: demostrar la validez de esta técnica en pacientes seleccionados y conocer sus ventajas sobre el resto de procederes quirúrgicos a emplear.Método: se realizó sigmoidectomía con anastomosis primaria en dos planos a veintidós pacientes portadores de vólvulo sigmoideo. El estudio intervencionista longitudinal prospectivo se inició en octubre del 2003 en el Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital, La Gambia. Se concluyó en el Hospital Amalia Simoni de Camagüey en septiembre de 2007. Los datos se extrajeron de los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes al momento de su egreso hospitalario. Se procesaron en microcomputadora IBM. Se establecieron criterios de inclusión, exclusión y criterios que permitieran evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento. Se empleó antibioticoterapia preoperatoria profiláctica sistémica. Resultados: el íleo paralítico predominó como complicación.No existieron complicaciones relativas a la anastomosis primaria. No se reintervinieron pacientes ni existió mortalidad. Todos los pacientes al momento de su egreso manifestaron sentir satisfacción con el tratamiento quirúrgico realizado. Conclusiones: la técnica realizada aportó a los pacientes bienestar biopsicosocial. Aportó beneficios económicos por concepto de ahorro a las instituciones de salud y al estado. Los pacientes y familiares que económicamente dependen de estos se beneficiaron por la rápida reincorporación laboral de los mismos.

The sigmoidectomy with primary anastomosis of the colon constitutes an alternative for the surgical treatment of the sigmoid volvulus. Objective: to demonstrate the validity of this technique in selected patients and to know their advantages on the rest of surgical procedures to use. Method: sigmoidectomy with primary anastomosis in two planes to twenty-two patients carriers of sigmoid volvulus. A prospective longitudinal interventionist study began in October 2003 in Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital, Gambia and was concluded at "Amalia Simoni" Hospital of Camagüey in September 2007. Data were extracted of the clinical records from the patients at the moment of their hospital discharge. It were processed in IBM microcomputer. Inclusion, exclusion criteria that allowed evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment were established. Systemic prophylactic preoperative antibiotic-therapy was used. Results: the paralytic ileus prevailed as complication. Relative complications didn't exist to the primary anastomosis. No patients were reintervened neither mortality existed. All patients at the moment of their discharge manifested to feel satisfaction with the carried out surgical treatment. Conclusions: the carried out technique contributed to the patient biopsychosocial well-being. It contributed economic profits for saving concept to health institutions and to the state. Patients and family that economically depend of these were benefited from their quick labor reincorporation.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer del tercio superior del recto y de colon sigmoides: análisis comparativo / Comparative results of the surgical treatment of tumors located in the upper third of the rectum and sigmoid colon

Background: Tumors located in the upper third of the rectum can be treated in the same way as sigmoid tumors. This means that mesorrectum excision and neoadjuvant therapies are not necessary. Aim: To compare the results in terms of relapse and survival of elective surgery for sigmoid and upper third rectal tumors. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients operated for an upper third rectal or sigmoid cancer that were prospectively included in a database and had a minimum follow up of 18 months. Clinical and pathological variables and staging using TNM classification were considered as covariates in the analysis. Results: Fifty patients with a tumor of the upper third of the rectum, aged 30 to 84 years (24 females), with a follow up ranging from 12 to 206 months, and 107 patients with a sigmoid tumor, aged 22 to 91 years (62 females), with a follow up ranging from 13 to 204 months, were analyzed. Seven patients with rectal tumors (14 percent) and 12 patients with sigmoid tumors (11 percent), died during follow up (p = NS). Ten years actuarial overall survival was 85 percent for both groups. Conclusions: No differences in survival or relapse were observed in this group of patients with tumors located in the upper third of the rectum or sigmoid colon. Therefore both types of tumors can be treated in the same way.

Introducción: Se ha sugerido que los pacientes con un tumor del tercio superior del recto (RS) podrían tratarse en forma similar que los portadores de un cáncer de sigmoides (CS). Ello implica no realizar la resección total del mesorrecto ni someterlos a terapias neoadyuvantes. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico electivo de ambos tumores respecto de la recidiva y la sobrevida global. Pacientes y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de las características demográficas de los pacientes intervenidos por un adenocarcinoma de recto superior y de colon sigmoides con intención curativa en forma electiva en forma consecutiva con un seguimiento mínimo de 18 meses. Se considera variables clínicas (edad, género, enfermedades asociadas, antígeno carcinoembrionario (CEA) preoperatorio), histopatológicas (diferenciación y tamaño tumoral, número de ganglios examinados) y la estadificación de ambos grupos según TNM. Resultados: Se compara 50 pacientes portadores de un adenocarcinoma de RS en los estadios I a III con 107 pacientes intervenidos en el mismo período por un cáncer de CS con intención curativa. El seguimiento promedio de los pacientes con un tumor de RS fue de 88,62 meses (extremos 12-206), y de 71,67 meses en los casos de CS (extremos 13-204) (p = 0,05). Durante este período fallecen por la enfermedad 7 pacientes (14 por ciento) del grupo RS, 1 por recidiva locorregional y 6 por recidiva a distancia, con un rango entre 12 y 78 meses. En el grupo CS fallecen 12 pacientes (11,2 por ciento), 3 (2,8 por ciento) con recidiva locorregional y 9 con recidiva a distancia, entre 24 y 82 meses de seguimiento (p = 0,24). La sobrevida actuarial global a 10 años para ambos grupos fue de 85 por ciento. Conclusión: En este estudio no existen diferencias en cuanto a la recidiva global, la recidiva local ni la recidiva a distancia entre ambos grupos, lo que avala la estrategia de tratar en forma similar los tumores...

Epithelioid hemangioma of the colon: a case report / Hemangioma epitelióide do cólon: relato de caso

CONTEXT: Epithelioid hemangioma or angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is an uncommon benign vascular neoplasm that is usually located on the face or neck. Exceptionally, it has been described affecting the colon, with only two such cases described in the worldwide literature. The aim here was to present a case of primary epithelioid hemangioma of the sigmoid colon with confirmation by immunohistochemical examination. CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old woman had had a complaint of intermittent abdominal pain for six months. Two months after the condition started, she began to present changes in her intestinal habit, with evacuations containing blood and mucus and a weight loss of 4 kg over this period. At physical examination, a palpable mass was noted in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen. Neoplasia of the colon was clinically suspected and she underwent colonoscopy. This demonstrated the presence of a vegetating sessile lesion of approximately 5 cm in diameter, at a distance of 36 cm from the anal margin. It occupied 80 percent of the intestinal lumen. A biopsy collected during the examination suggested a diagnosis of neoplasia of vascular origin. After surgical resection, histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioma of the colon, which was backed up by the immunohistochemical panel (factor VIII, Ki-67, CD-34). At present, three years after the surgery, the patient is asymptomatic, she has recovered her normal weight and she has normal findings from control colonoscopy. Despite the rarity of neoplasia of vascular origin, this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis for colorectal tumors.

CONTEXTO: Hemangioma epitelióide ou hiperplasia angiolinfóide com eosinofilia são neoplasias vasculares benignas raras, habitualmente localizadas na face e pescoço. O acometimento do intestino grosso é excepcionalmente descrito, existindo apenas dois casos descritos na literatura mundial. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um caso de hemangioma epitelióide primário do sigmóide com diagnóstico histopatológico confirmado por meio de estudo imunoistoquímico. RELATO DE CASO: Mulher de 37 anos apresentou queixa de dor abdominal de forte intensidade, intermitente, localizada no hipogástrio. Dois meses após o início do quadro, notou alteração do hábito intestinal, evacuações com sangue, muco e perda ponderal de 4 quilos no período. Ao exame físico abdominal, identificou-se massa palpável no quadrante inferior esquerdo. Com suspeita clínica de neoplasia de cólon foi submetida a colonoscopia, que demonstrou presença de lesão vegetante de aproximadamente cinco centímetros de diâmetro, ocupando cerca de 80 por cento da luz colônica. A biópsia mostrou a presença de neoplasia de origem vascular. Após a ressecção cirúrgica, o exame histopatológico do espécime extirpado estabeleceu o diagnóstico de hemangioma epitelióide do cólon, confirmado por meio de painel imunoistoquímico (fator VIII, Ki-67, CD-34). No momento, a paciente encontra-se bem, tendo recuperado o peso inicial três anos após a cirurgia e apresenta resultado de colonoscopia de controle normal. Não obstante a raridade, deve-se considerar a possibilidade das neoplasias de origem vascular no diagnóstico diferencial dos tumores colorretais.

Resultados y eventos adversos de la sigmoidectomía por cáncer: laparoscopia versus laparotomía / Results and complications in patients with sigmoid cancer: laparoscopic versus laparotomy

Objetivo: Comparar resultados y complicaciones inmediatas al realizar una sigmoidectomía laparoscópica (SL) versus abierta (SA) en pacientes con cáncer de colon sigmoides. Material y método: Inclusión prospectiva y consecutiva, mediante protocolo de estudio de pacientes operados mediante SL entre el 2000 y el 2006. Análisis comparativo caso-control, mediante pareo según edad, sexo y ASA entre pacientes operados mediante SL con SA. Análisis por intención de tratamiento, mediante test t de Student, chi cuadrado, Mann-Withney y exacto de Fischer; consideramos estadísticamente significativo p <0,05. Resultados: Treinta y dos pacientes por grupo fueron comparados. Los grupos (SL v/s SA) fueron similares estadísticamente en edad (65,6 v/s 67,3 años), sexo (femenino 31,25 por ciento), y ASA (p> 0,05). La mediana del tiempo operatorio fue mayor en SL (220 v/s 172 minutos, p <0,01). Un 9,3 por ciento se convirtió a técnica abierta en SL. El tiempo medio a la expulsión de gases y realimentación con líquidos fue menor en SL (2 v/s 4 días, p<0,01 y 3 v/s 5 días, p< 0,01). La estadía media postquirúrgica (5 v/s 8 días p<0,01) fue menor en SL. Las complicaciones postoperatorias médicas, fueron menores en SL (9,3 por ciento v/s 37,5 por ciento p<0,01), pero las quirúrgicas fueron iguales (6,25 por ciento cada grupo). Los linfonodos resecados y tamaños de piezas operatorias fueron similares (SL v/s SA: 22,7 v/s 22,1 linfonodos p= 0,9 y 21,8 v/s 19,3 cm. p= 0,2). Conclusión: El desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal mediante un protocolo, permite realizar la SL por cáncer con resultados quirúrgicos similares a la SA.

Background: The laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is an alternative to the laparotomy. The aim of this study is to compare results and early complications after a laparoscopic sigmoidectomy (LS) versus open surgery (OS) in patients with sigmoid cancer. Material and Method: Prospective and consecutive inclusion, by a study protocol of patients operated on for LS between 2000 and 2006. Comparative case-control design, the LS group was match with the OS group by age, sex, and ASA classification. Statistical analysis: Results were analyzed with intention to treat. The variables were analyzed with T Student, Chi-square, Mann-Withney and Fischer exact test, considering statistically significant a P value < 0.05. Results: Thirty-two patients by group were compared. The groups (LS vs OS) were statistically similar in age (65.6 v/s 67.3 years), gender (31.25 percent females each group), and ASA (p > 0.5). The mean operative time was higher in LS group (220 v/s 172 minutes, p <0.01). Conversion rate was 9.3 percent. The mean time to passing flatus and the time to reinitiate oral feeding were both shorter for LS group (2 v/s 4 days, p<0.01; and 3 v/s 5 days p <0.01). The mean total postoperative stay (5 v/s 8 days, p<0.01) was shorter for LS group. The postoperative medical complications were minor in LS group (9.3 v/s 27.5 percent, p <0.01), but the surgical complications were similar (6.25 percent each group). Lymph nodes resected and length of surgical specimens were similar for both groups (SL v/s OS: 22.7 v/s 22.1 lymphatic nodes p = 0.9 and 21.8 v/s 19.3 cm, p= 0.2). Conclusion: The development of laparoscopic colorectal surgery within a protocol, allows feasible the realization of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for patients with sigmoid cancer with comparable surgical outcomes.

Tumor diverticular que imita una enfermedad neoplásica en un paciente VIH-positivo / Diverticular tumor imitating neoplastic disease in an HIV positive patient

Introducción: A pesar de que en la era de la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) la incidencia de los tumores malignos en la población VIH/SIDA está en creciente aumento y es actualmente su mayor causa de muerte, estos pacientes también pueden presentar lesiones tumorales de origen inflamatorio, micótico, parasitario, o bacteriano, que en algunos casos puede resultar muy difícil diferenciar de una neoplasia antes de la exéresis quirúrgica completa de la lesión. Objetivo: Comunicar el caso de un paciente VIH-positivo con un tumor inflamatorio de origen diverticular y discutir los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales. Paciente y método: Paciente masculino de 42 años, drogadependiente y VIH positivo (estadio AI), en tratamiento con HAART, con constipación y mucorrea de 4 años de evolución y proctorragia postevacuatoria y dolor abdominal a predominio de FII intermitentes desde hace un año. Examen fisico, laboratorio de rutina, CEA y perfil inmunológico normales. La videocolonoscopía y el colon por enema mostraron una estenosis sigmoidea infranqueable con mucosa conservada. La tomografia computada abdominopelviana evidenció engrosamiento parietal del colon sigmoides y múltiples ganglios no adenomegálicos. Resultados: Se indicó el tratamiento quirúrgico con el diagnóstico de un probable tumor extramucoso benigno, o de bajo grado de malignidad. Se encontró un tumor sigmoideo duro-elástico de 9 x 7 cm, con la serosa congestiva y adherencias laxas a la cara posterior de la vejiga, acompañado por varias adenopatías mesentéricas. Se realizó una resección anterior con carácter oncológico. Abierta la pieza se constató un gran engrosamiento parietal con mucosa edematosa. No tuvo complicaciones postoperatorias. La anatomia patológica informó una enfermedad diverticular del colon con peridiverticulitis y marcada fibrosis parietal. (TRUNCADO) (AU)...

Introduction: Despite the fact that in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era the incidence of malignant tumors in HIV/AIDS population is increasing, and is currently the major cause of death, these patients can also present tumoral lesions of inflammatory, fungal, parasitic, or bacterial origin in some cases very difficult to differentiate from a neoplasia before complete surgical resection. Objective: Report on a HIV positive patient with an inflammatory diverticular tumor, and discuss the possible differential diagnosis. Patient and methods: Male, 42 years old, intravenous drug abuser, and HIV-positive (AI stage), on HAART, complaining of constipation and mucous discharge the last 4 years, and intermittent rectal bleeding and abdominal pain (predominantly in the right iliac fossae) the last year. Physical examination, blood tests, CEA, and immune status were normal. Colonoscopy and barium enema showed a not negotiable sigmoid stenosis with normal mucosa. The computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed parietal thickening of the sigmoid colon and multiple not enlarged lymphoid nodes. Results: Surgical treatment, with the diagnosis of probable extramucosal benign or low-grade malignant tumor, was indicated. A 9 x 7 cm, rubber consistency sigmoid tumor was found. It had congestive serosa and smooth adhesions to the posterior aspect of the bladder, associated with several mesenteric nodes. An oncologíc anterior resection was carried out. The opened specimen showed a 4 cm thickening of the intestinal wall, with edematous, non tumoral mucosa. The postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathology report was diverticular colonic disease with peridiverticulitis, and marked parietal fibrosis. Conclusion: Currently, in the HIV-positive population the incidence of malignant tumors related or not to AIDS has increased, due to better management of opportunistic infections, and the best life expectancy... (TRUNCADO)

Streptococcus intermedius liver abscesses and colon cancer: a case report / Abscesos hepáticos por Streptococcus intermedius y cáncer de colon: reporte de un caso

Certain species of bacteria are known to be associated with colorectal cancer. We report a case of adenocarcinoma of the colon with bacteraemia and liver abscesses due to Streptococcus intermedius. The isolation of this organism should prompt investigation for colorectal neoplasm, which may be present but asymptomatic, without metastases, and therefore at a curative stage.

Se sabe que ciertas especies de bacterias están asociadas con el cáncer colorectal. El presente trabajo reporta un caso de adenocarcinoma del colon acompañado de bacteriemia y abscesos hepáticos debidos a Streptococcus del grupo intermedius. El aislamiento de este organismo debe impulsar la investigación del neoplasma colorectal, el cual puede estar hallarse presente pero de forma asintomática, sin metástasis, y por consiguiente en una fase en que la cura es aún posible.

Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectosigmoid and rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility and safety of laparoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid cancer and rectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty four patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid cancer or rectal cancer were retrospectively evaluated. Results were compared with those of 25 patients who had open surgery at the same period. The procedures of both groups were anterior resection, low anterior resection, coloanal anastomosis, abdominoperineal resection and subtotal colectomy. RESULTS: The mean operative time was significantly increased in the laparoscopic group. However, this group showed faster recovery of bowel function. There were no differences in the distal margin and yield of harvested lymph nodes of resected specimens. Although anastomotic leakage was comparable between 2 groups, surgical wound infection was significantly higher in open surgery group. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid cancer and rectal cancer is feasible and can be performed safely with comparable oncological clearance.

Resección primaria con anastomosis en el cáncer oclusivo de colon izquierdo / Primary resection and anastomosis for acute obstruction of left colon cancer

Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en pacientes portadores de cáncer de colon izquierdo obstruido y sometidos a resecciones primarias con anastomosis. Se evaluó la táctica quirúrgica, morbimortalidad, resultados funcionales de las colectomías totales y subtotales y el pronóstico ancológico. Material y Métodos: Con oclusión completa del colon izquierdo ingresaron 64 pacientes (Sexo: 31 varones - Edad: 32-84 promedio: 66,9 años), a los cuales se les realizó una resección primaria con anastomosis (RPA). Con fines comparativos fueron evaluados 67 pacientes (Sexo: 32 varones, Edad: 65,8 años) operados durante el mismo período, con tumores oclusivos del colon izquierdo y a los cuales se les realizó cirugía en tres etapas (CTE). Resultados: Se realizaron 29 colectomías izquierdas, 17 colectomías subtotales y 18 totales. La morbilidad con o sin lavado colónico intraoperatorio fue similar (2/10 vs 3/13). Sin mortalidad en ambos grupos. El promedio de deposiciones de los pacientes con colectomía total y subtotal fue de 3 por día, con un 96 por ciento de buena continencia. Los resultados oncológicos en ambos grupos por estadios y en pacientes operados con intención curativa, no demostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (RPA = 62,6 por ciento vs CTE = 43,4 por ciento, p = 0,065). Conclusiones: El lavado colónico intraoperatorio no demostró ser imprescindible. El resultado funcional de la colectomía total o subtotal fue muy bueno. La supervivencia de las resecciones primarias con anastomosis fue mejor que la de las resecciones en etapas, sin alcanzar significación estadística. La baja morbimortalidad observada justificaría el empleo de las resecciones primarias con anastomosis en pacientes seleccionados y operados por grupos entrenados

Adenoma velloso hipersecretante del colon sigmoides / Hypersecretive villous adenoma of the sigmoid colon

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 41 años portadora de un adenoma velloso (AV) hipersecretante del colon sigmoides que es hospitalizada de urgencia por deshidratación y shock hipovolémico secundaria a una diarrea mucosa de un año de evolución, con falla prerrenal y acidosis metabólica, marcada hipokalemia y baja de peso de 6 kg. Luego de una vigorosa reposición hidroelectrolítica, el estudio de la diarrea reveló la presencia de un tumor velloso de 10 cm en el colon sigmoides, logrando identificarse el AV tanto al enema baritado como a la colonoscopia. Fue sometida en forma electiva a una resección anterior con buena evolución postoperatoria, cesando la diarrea en forma abrupta. El estudio histopatológico de la pieza demostró un adenoma velloso gigante sin displasia